Prabodhani achieved the record at the age of 40 years and 10 days when she claimed two wickets for 55 runs against India at the Guwahati Stadium.
She joins a select group of players in international cricket history to have played into their 40s.
Only a handful of cricketers in the history of the Women's ODI World Cup have managed to take wickets past the age of 40.
The prominent names among them are New Zealand's Kathleen Green (aged 45) and the West Indies' Envis Williams (aged 42).
Prabodhani, who joined the Sri Lankan team in 2009, has been a key contributor to the team's recent success.